Firstly, we will review the various functional indices that have been proposed thus far in the literature. The goal of this review paper is threefold. Furthermore, a lot of research has been dedicated to the development of global and regional quantitative CMR indices, which help distinguish between pathology and health. A wide range of CMR sequences and protocols have been developed to assess various aspects of cardiac function, and significant advances have also been made in terms of imaging quality and acquisition times. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), otherwise known as CMR (cardiovascular magnetic resonance), has become a key image modality in clinical practice due to its unique capabilities for non-invasive imaging of the cardiac chambers and great vessels. Consequently, major developments continue to be made in cardiovascular research and practice for improved early diagnosis of cardiac diseases. It is predicted that by the year 2030, a population of 23.3 million people will be killed by CVDs all over the world. However, partially due to the aging population Of these cases, about 7.3 million were due to coronary heart disease, and 6.2 million were due to stroke. In 2008, 17.3 million people died due to CVDs worldwide, accounting for 30 % of total deaths. Finally, we provide a detailed discussion of the existing literature and of the future challenges that need to be addressed to enable a more robust and comprehensive assessment of the cardiac chambers in clinical practice.Ĭardiovascular diseases (CVDs) consistently rank among the top major causes of morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, we review the most recent state-of-the art techniques for the automatic segmentation of the cardiac boundaries, which are necessary for the calculation of the CMR indices. We include indices definitions, the requirements for the calculations, exemplar applications in cardiovascular diseases, and the corresponding normal ranges. The goal of this review paper is to discuss the structural and functional CMR indices that have been proposed thus far for clinical assessment of the cardiac chambers. ![]() A lot of research has been dedicated to the development of global and regional quantitative CMR indices that help the distinction between health and pathology. A wide range of CMR sequences have been developed to assess various aspects of cardiac structure and function, and significant advances have also been made in terms of imaging quality and acquisition times. ![]() Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become a key imaging modality in clinical cardiology practice due to its unique capabilities for non-invasive imaging of the cardiac chambers and great vessels.
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